Digital Technology And Manipulation Media Essay

Digital Technology And Manipulation Media Essay The first device invented that could digitise or make analog photographs available in a digital format was a scanner made by Russell Kirsh in 1957 (Terras, 2008). The scanner functioned by looking at the variations in tone within photographs and assigning a digital value to represent a tone band. Instead of creating a new photograph this scanner copied an existing photograph and recorded it digitally. Because photographs can be scanned to a digital format, the initial analog negative can now be manipulated digitally and the truth value held by analog photographs can now be challenged. During the 1960s digital imaging technologies was still only used by large institutions such as NASA and the American government. It was not until the 1980s that the media began to use digital imaging technologies. Digital technology could be employed to enhance the clearness of television broadcasts and speed up the time in which photojournalists were able to send pictures to the media. In 1982, National Geographic published a photograph of the pyramids at Giza on the front cover of the magazine, see Figure 6. The photograph has been manipulated to fit a horizontal photograph of the pyramids onto the portrait cover of the magazine to make the front cover more captivating (Terras, 2008). It is important to note that this instance of manipulation was one of the first by a recognised organisation. National Geographics editor, Fred Ritchen who decided to compress the pyramids felt he had achieved a new point of view by the retroactive repositioning of the photographer a few feet to one side (White, 1999). Ritchens defence to accusations of manipulating the photograph was that if the photographer had moved and taken the photograph at a different time of the day then the photograph would be the same. However the fact remains that this photograph was not the one that was made. The fact that the photograph was manipulated was not broadcast. It was admitted to have been mani pulated when other journalists questioned the photograph. Howard Chapnick (1982) argued that the words Credibility and Responsibility allow photographers to call photography a profession due to ethical considerations rather than a business (p.40). Chapnick goes on to argue that not maintaining these ethics will damage journalistic impact and photography as a language. Lastly, he maintains the threat to credibility is permanent if people begin to disbelieve the news photograph (p.41). In 1985 digital cameras became widely used by professional photographers. Companies also marketed digital imaging camera to the public for domestic use. During this time the processing capabilities of computers was also advancing and provided a way for individuals to load image manipulation software and manipulate photographs. In 1991 the American government and the media used digital photography as a technology for the first time in a war environment. Not only was digital photography used to photograph the war but was used in weapon systems by America (Floridi, 1999). A much more recent current use of digital imaging technology is live electronic manipulation. Manipulating a live feed allows the editing of satellite image feeds. On the fly image editing may be used in sports programming to show lines on pitches or by governments to hide classified buildings from satellite imagery that is available to the public such as Google Maps. News television channels and can also employ technology to sow text feeds beneath news anchors. Delta Tre supply FIFA with sports data services and on screen graphics (Bevir, 2012). In 2012, the union of European Football Associations placed recorded footage of a fan crying at the opening of the game and played it after one of the teams had won the game to make for more compelling television. Amato (2000) argues that as this technology becomes more widespread and available the credibility of video media will be damaged permanently. In some ways this is similar to National Geographics manipulated Pyramid in that both rep resentations existed but were manipulated to give heightened sensation. The abilities that digital imaging technology have provided have been used by Walt Disney Imagineering Studio to take existing photographs and film of aged or dead celebrities made in the past to be used in new programmes or films (Amato, 2000). This use of technology to manipulate media evidences how analog photographs and films are susceptible to these processes and also asks the question of what is the final product? Is it simply a manipulated piece of video footage or a new creation entirely? Mitchell (1992 p.192) argues that it is a new creation entirely. Mitchell (1992 p.192) also argues that photography in recent times has entered a phase which he terms pseudophotography meaning that digital photography is not photography. Though the two methods are comparable, they possess different manipulation potentials which are examined in the next section. Manipulation Since Digital photography Savedoff (1997, p.19) argues that technologies alter rather than simply add to the resources of art. This means that photography as an art form has been altered by added manipulation potential. This new digital imaging practice should possess ethical consideration for the manipulation of photographs. However, this has not happened due to the inability to differentiate between the digital or analog photograph when printed creating difficulty for imposing a different standard for each method. Photographys relationship with reality as previously outlined is apparent in a digital photograph that has been printed, however the relationship created by the light reaction will not be present in a digital photograph. In an analog photograph created through a chemical process there is room for argument that the relationship with light remains intact. Although this trace looks to be evident in a photograph created by digital means, the trace is not a chemical reaction but a digital representatio n of reality. Additionally, digital photography is limitless in the number of alterations or manipulations that can be applied. These manipulations leave little or no evidence of themselves. Modern digital camera allow the photographer to review the image made and thus allows them such benefits of changing the composition until they are satisfied with the result. Images are manipulated by using computers and image editing software such as Adobe Photoshop, along with scanners to digitise analog images. Therefore, photographs made before digital photography are vulnerable to manipulation just like the aforementioned case of Disney outlined earlier (Bouse, 2002). The presence of digital imaging technology has changed photography and its relationship with veracity permanently. This lends evidence to Bouses argument that old photographs may be more widely trusted and that digital photography makes readers of images aware not only of current manipulations but of those in the past also. The reader of a photograph, although aware that the photograph was made before the invention of digital technologies is aware that the photograph might have been manipulated and nonetheless chan ges the way the reader interprets all photographs, manipulated or not (Savedoff, 1997). This means that digital technology has decreased the veracity of photography due to readers now questions all photographs. Lastly, it is very difficult for the average reader to distinguish between manipulated and non-manipulated photographs. Michelle Henning (2007) argues that digital imaging technologies have enabled limited new ways of manipulating a photograph. Henning continues that digital technologies have only made the manipulation of photographs more available. Henning also argues that the public was previously unaware of image manipulation techniques before the invention of digital imaging technology. Digital manipulation has made the public more aware of photo manipulation and maybe even increased how often images are manipulated. Digital vs Analog Photography has been changing since its birth in the 1800s and many of the changes have been driven by technology but were always based on chemical reactions to light. In the 1820s Joseph Niepce found a method to permanently fix a photograph using lavender oil and bitumen. Niepce swiftly developed this method further into heliographs made by using silver nitrate. Eduard Daguerre was also looking for a way to photographically record subjects and contacted Niepce to work with each other. After Niepce died, Daguerre found that mercury could fix images much more permanently and created the Daguerreotype which Daguerre believed at the time serves to draw nature and gives nature the power to reproduce herself (Hirsh 2000). Since photographys invention the idea of a device that could create unmediated representations of reality was widely believed yet now we begin to see photography may not deserve the verisimilitude it has been ascribed. At the same time Henry Fox Talbot worked on a photog raphic method using paper print. Like the creation of photography and the creation of digital photography these changes and advances were driven simultaneously by several individuals at once. The daguerreotype became the most popular and was widely used to make very simple portraits. Later though, interest was given to the Calotype created by Talbot. The Calotype was less reliable but allowed for prints to be reproduced much more easily and allowed greater detail with the print at least initially. During the mid-1800s negatives were made from glass and coated with albumen paper. These proved much more reproducible and gave more detailed and sharper results than earlier methods. With regard to digital methods, has digital photography made reproducing images easier due to the fact that digital images when stored on a computer can be duplicated instantly and without cost? Being able to reproduce a photograph has always been desirable and this is shown by the demand for the Calotype. Be aring in mind that digital imaging technology has helped progress the abilities of cameras, it has done this in a way that has divided the two types of photography causing great debates among them. Mark Amerika, digital artist and writer, in an interview talks about the differences between digital and analog photography. Amerika claims that images and how they are read is influenced by the way they are captured, meaning that as technology changes so does out interpretation of photographs (Jacobs 2006). Because photography is much more easily manipulated with digital photography the objectivity of the photograph is lost and it is futile to pursue objectivity (Jacobs 2006). It would seem true that manipulation is more common since the advent of digital photography, which could argue that the making of an image is only a small portion of the final product like in the aforementioned case of Rejalnder. Both Mitchell and Savedoff claim that digital photography and the manipulation of it cannot be compared to analog photography because it is a new medium (Savedoff, 1997). Both continue to argue that because with digital photographs the image is created with a digital sensor digital capture is a separate process to analog capture. Digital photographs receive their authority because they are almost identical to analog photographs and this authority is passed to the digital photograph. However, if this passing of authority is stopped, digital photography may be criticised for its lack of authority. News reporting currently accomplished by digital photography may no longer be an acceptable medium for those purposes. Oddly, as already outlined, if digital photographs obtains its authority from its similarity to analog photographs, analog photographs may lose its authority because of this relationship. It is important to note that photo manipulation was possible before digital technologies; it took place much less and needed much more time, effort and dexterity (Savedoff, 1997). Savedoff and Mitchell contend that the increase in frequency of digital manipulations is enough to show the conceptualisation of digital photography as a new medium. When an analog photograph was manipulated evidence of this procedure could be found on the negative and would more than likely mean the negative would be permanently modified. Yet with digital photography this does not apply (Savedoff, 1997). The digital file makes it very difficult to ascertain whether the file has been manipulated and also difficult to determine which file is the original, if one exists. Because analog manipulations needed expertise and dexterity it means that they were the exception to the norm as they were costly to accomplish. The refined abilities of digital technology that allow image manipulation to be completed with ease have made manipulated photographs become the ordinary. Savedoff (1997) claims that the power of the reportage photograph has lessened. Savedoff (1997) also contends that before digital photography there were well known standards regarding what was and what was not acceptable manipulation of an image. However, with digital technologies these standards have become irrelevant. This new trend of manipulation gives much less regard to what it means to manipulate an image. Amerika (XXX) furthers Savedoffs claims and he believes that instead of digital photography being a new entity it simply does not exist (Jacobs). Amerika argues that digital photography is just the processing of information and to print a digital image is no different to printing a text document from a computer. Amerika believes digital photography is not about photography but about binary code or manipulation ones and zeroes (Jacobs). However, if this school of thought is accepted then surely analog photographs are about chemistry and the reaction of light to a light sensitive medium. A third argument exists which opposes both Amerika and Savedoff. Michelle Henning (2007) makes the case that digital photography has changed or remediated the landscape of photography. Keeping in mind that digital photography is used somewhat differently to analog photography, but to greater extent is experienced and interpreted in similar ways. The design of digital cameras imitate analog cameras and feature the same vocabulary such as ASA/ISO standards which relate to film speed and are not necessary for digital cameras (Amerika/Jacobs). Maybe these imitations create a bridge between the two technologies that allows the inherent veracity of analog photography to be inherited by digital cameras (Henning, 2007). Henning (2007) asks why digital cameras try to imitate analog cameras when the potential of digital imaging is greater than analog capabilities. It is important to state that although many companies manufacture cameras it is the larger companies such as Canon and Nikon and So ny that market digital cameras aggressively. Hennings idea that digital photography has remediated analog forms of photo making is not because of the abilities afforded by digital photography but because of the way it has been aggressively marketed by the companies that manufacture them (2007). Henning (2007, p.59) summarises in saying that digital imaging is not less photographic than chemical analog is and that it is a different process but ends up as the same result. The final analysis of the differences between digital photography and analog photography outlined by Mitchell (1992) is to see digital and analog photography as similar to painting. Rather than painting no longer being used as many feared it would with the birth of photography, its purpose simply changed. A change similar to this may also be experienced by analog photography, finding its niche somewhere between analog photography and painting. Digital photography however possesses the realism of analog photography but is more easily manipulated, putting it next to the two art forms (Mitchell, 1992).

Biochemical Cycles

INTRODUCING WITH BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES Biochemical cycles Nutrients are important for organisms to function. Each nutrient has a role in global biogeochemical cycles. A nutrient is a chemical that organisms need to live and grow and are substances an organism's uses for metabolism which must be taken in from its environment that enrich the organism. Two types of nutrients are macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are needed in large quantities while micronutrients are needed in smaller quantities.A biogeochemical cycle moves chemical element between living, and nonliving parts in the environment. I will describe the water cycle, explaining the major processed involved and the relationship of micronutrients. There are five major global biogeochemical cycles, each with a different function and relationship to micronutrients. They can be classified as either gaseous, sedimentary, or hydrololic. The water cycle is a hydrologic cycle that moves water in the biosphere through evap oration, condensation and precipitation.Two sedimentary cycles are the sulfur and phosphorous cycle. Their main reservoirs are in soil and rock sediments. Sulfur enters the cycle as hydrogen sulfide and is oxidized to sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide and water vapor makes sulfuic acid in the rainfall. It is then absorbed by plant roots and turned into amino acids traveling through the food chain and released by decomposition. In the phosporous cycle, phosporours is released through erosion or mining. It is then absorbed by roots and then travels through the food chains and returned to sediment.When the main reservoir of the nutrient is the atmosphere it is considered a gaseous cycle. The carbon and nitrogen cycles are gaseous cycles. Carbon enters the environment during photosynthesis and is returned through cellular respiration. Nitrogen enters the cycle by nitrogen fixation and results in ammonia and nitrates that are carried to the Earth by precipitation. Once they entered into the soil they are absorbed by plants. Micronutrients are needed in each of the biogechemical cycles to help convert, absorb, or facilitate each cycle.Water is essential to all organisms and has a major impact on global processes. The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the ocean. Evaporation is caused by solar energy. The ocean is the major reservoir in the water cycle. It contains 97% of the water in the biosphere. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor forms. Moisture is then moved around the atmosphere until it returns to the Earth's surface as precipitation. Once water reaches the surface it becomes groundwater.Groundwater either seeps back into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or absorbed by plants. The leaves and stems put water back into the atmosphere through a process called transpiration. Transpiration accounts for approximately ten percent of all evaporating water returning to the cycle. Biogeochemical cycles are pathways which macronutrients , micronutrients, or other molecules move through the biosphere, litosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. These nutrients are recycled and passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.

The Unexplained Puzzle Into Samples of Expository Essay Writing Uncovered

The Unexplained Puzzle Into Samples of Expository Essay Writing Uncovered It is essential to pay exclusive attention to the opening sentence. Then the next step is going to be to find out more about the expository essay structure. An expository essay example should demonstrate the way the objects in a context relate with one another. At times, your assignment sheets explicitly specify the proper sort of writing that should be used or offer you strong hints with keywords. Each paragraph starts with a topic sentence in which you state your case or objective. As with other essays, it is made of an introductory paragraph, which comprises the thesis statement, the major body paragraphs that show the statement, and a conclusion paragraph that summarizes all important points. For instance, the exact first body-section paragraph might include the origin of the period, the second a clarification of feasible misinterpretations, the third your private definition, dependent on your experience with examples. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Samples of Expository Essay Writing Furthermore, nobody can truly feel the others exact pain, even if they're in the exact circumstance. Each will experience their own special degree of suffering. For example, you could talk about the matter of medical marijuana, presenting it as a r emedy to the search for a painkiller that doesn't have unpleasant side effects like many different painkillers. Today, a normal person doesn't fear the organic manifestations happening around it. Suffering can come from various sources. There are various varieties of Expository Essays you can write. It's possibly the most difficult of all these sorts of essays. Take a look at the expository essay samples, which one can easily find online nowadays. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. In here you might observe illustrations on several topics in some particular format types and of distinct varieties of documents. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and create all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. Compassion is desirable as a vital motivator of individuals. An informative text isn't meant to persuade your reader, yet to educate. The important point to remember is these expository essays are based on facts in contrast to the writer's beliefs or feelings. Provide the most suitable context that all readers need to receive a better comprehension of the major subject. An expository piece may still be creative in the feeling it leaves an influence on the reader. Samples of Expository Essay Writing - the Story One of the absolute most important things to bear in mind is you must use only a single method when you categorize everything. A good deal of folks feel overwhelmed with the idea of creating an eBook. When you decide to define' a word, be certain to choose something on which you'll be able to get a great deal of information easily. In addition, there are times when you truly feel like you don't wish to write something. The Pain of Samples of Expository Essay Writing Even with the main goal being the exact same, there are exposi tory essay variations you have to be conscious of. Subject experts on the panel of GoAssignmentHelp have not just profound and exhaustive understanding of the area but in addition very good command above their language abilities. Yes, the procedure appears energy-sapping. Hence, he case is regarded as the most dependable one in modern ufology. A Startling Fact about Samples of Expository Essay Writing Uncovered Within compassion, there's a part of quantity and quality. Compassion is to be desired and we'll analyze the reasons. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. Even Photos and videos appear bright and vivid can get a better presentation. To begin with, you should secure the significance of the expository essay definition and select the topic you understand well or at least find it interesting to find out more about. To st art with, it's essential to comprehend what it is about. Introduction essay paragraphs are central in any bit of writing for the reason they give readers advance details about the content and the function of the material. Essays have existed for who knows how long, expressing suggestions and opinions of unique people from all around the world. To put it simply, an expository essay explores all angles of a specific topic in a bid to teach the audience something they may not know. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a wide variety of topics and strategies to bring up the idea. How to Get Started with Samples of Expository Essay Writing? If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. For a Chinese mother, the very first hour is the simple part. A good deal of individuals are anti-Semitic, anti-Muslim, anti-gay marriage, etc. Consider it like you're talking to a friend.

The World War And Its Effects On Modern Society - 852 Words

As sociologist Phillip Zimbardo defines, Evil consists of intentionally behaving in ways that harm, abuse, demean, dehumanize, or destroy innocent others- or using one’s authority and systematic power to encourage or permit others to do so on your behalf. In short it is ‘knowing better but doing worse’. (Zimbardo 5) History contains a multitude of incidents that cast various viewpoints on the evil within humanity. Albeit these incidents have had frightening consequences on the societies that experienced these situations, nevertheless these same consequences still affect the modern world. An event that shook the perception of good and evil, while still affecting modern society, was the Second World War. The actions of the Allied and Axis forces, as well as the intention of these actions, have caused disputes concerning the morality of either side. War culture is a term commonly used to define the techniques used to justify a country’s amoral actions within the war. In the Second World War, war culture thrived, resulting in mass propaganda and censorship: this war culture was promoted similarity by the Axis and Allied governments and influenced the public’s views on nationalism, alienation, and morale. For the purpose of being able to carefully examine war culture with World War Two, it is important to examine the terminology within the argument. Historian James McMillian defined and examines different instances of war culture throughout the twentieth-century withinShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Modernity and the First World War1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe First World War, also known as the Great War of 1914-1918, is not an event that manifested overnight; it was the result of ever growing tension among European nations. This conflict was brought about by factors such as, nationalism, militarism, and the Alliance system. 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However, today’s society lacks individuals who parallels with Whitman. Lupe Fiasco represents the Modern American voice speaking out against the degrading world society and does so by influencing the public through

Opposing Viewpoints of Africa in Two Short Stories...

In every situation, varying perspectives and opinions will be present, as proven in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. These literary works reveal opposing viewpoints of Africa through the use of literary and stylistic devices. The natural, primitive society is portrayed using sensory detail, imagery, and diction, which in turn reveal the authors’ different attitudes. Through his use of arrogant diction and vivid imagery, Conrad establishes a superior tone, while Achebe incorporates words with peaceful connotations into his sensory detail to create a serene tone. In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad uses carefully chosen words in his diction and imagery to convey a disdainful tone. Throughout the†¦show more content†¦This reveals the author’s intolerance towards the Africans, making it clear that he views the Africans from the perspective of an outsider who is unfamiliar with tribal customs. Along his journey, Conrad notices a â€Å"stillness of life† and acknowledges that in other circumstances this would have a peaceful effect (Conrad); however, due to his unfamiliar surroundings and fear of the unknown, he finds the stillness threatening and foreboding. Overall, Conrad conveys a message to the reader that Africa is uncivilized and inferior to other societies. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe uses sensory detail and peaceful diction to emphasize Africa as a harmonious land. Achebe incorporates sensory detail by describing the â€Å"birds chirruping in the forests† and the â€Å"sandy footway†¦ [throwing] up the heat† (Achebe). This indicates the role of nature in the setting and the importance it has in the African culture. He also uses words that carry connotations of tranquility such as â€Å"silent,† â€Å"faint,† and â€Å"faded† to add to the mood of togetherness in the passage (Achebe). Like Conrad, Achebe mentions trees that â€Å"had stood from the beginning of things, untouched by the ax and the bush-fire,† suggesting a primitive element to Africa (Achebe). In contrast to Conrad, however, this adds to the natural, tranquil feeling of Achebe’s passage.Show MoreRelated The Lie of Imperialism Exposed in Literature Essay3048 Words   |  13 Pagesperiod had far-reaching and detrimental affects on the language and identity of traditional societies. Derek Walcott’s postcolonial poem, â€Å"The Season of Phantasmal Peace† (1981) presented in dialogue with Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1910) and Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958) brings to light the powerful role that language played in executing the lie of imperialism on colonized peoples and the implications that this exertion of power has had and continues to have on the postcolonial

Binary Relation and Woman Free Essays

The movement for the emancipation of woman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than in India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of man. We will write a custom essay sample on Binary Relation and Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman. There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a olution of those problems possible. As these problems centre round the basic problem of Inequality, steps should be taken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman In the total development efforts of the country. Woman should get equal pay for the same work, and she be treated as an equal partner in the task of strengthening world peace. Suitable steps should be taken to secure these ends. These are near unanimity on the urgency and signifi rise of democracy, the movement for the emancipation of oman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than In India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabllltles and are regarded a social inferiors of man. It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman. There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a solution of those problems possible. As these problems centre round the basic problem of inequality, steps should be aken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman in the total the urgency and signifl India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they taken to promote equality of treatment and the full integration of woman in the total rights than in India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of the urgency and signifi How to cite Binary Relation and Woman, Papers

The Arts Journal Critical Perspectives free essay sample

The book report is based on The Arts Journal Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Literature, History, Art, and Culture in Guyana and the Caribbean Volume 3 Numbers 1 and 2. It was published by The Arts Forum Incorporated in March of 2002 and the SINS number is 1728-7723. The copy bought is a paperback edition which cost $125 and contained 15 articles and 21 6 pages. Anne Gaffer edited it with guest editor Rite Pembroke- While the text re-examines the British Slave Trade and the manner in which its victims have been portrayed in literature, the articles reviewed focus on he theme Of the changing images Of African people.According to the Arts Forum, a review by Professor Selwyn H. H. Carting stated that these three articles including another represent images of how blacks saw themselves at different times during slavery and the post-emancipation period focusing in particular on the effect of texts, paintings, and films. The Art Journal presented these articles in honor of the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the trans-Atlantic Trade in captive Africans in order to provide a fresh Caribbean perspective on the events encompassing this dark spot in our histo ry. Though each of the three articles reviewed approached it from a different slant each did so convincingly. Additionally, these articles give an in-depth analysis of aspects which may not be considered by the average person. In the first article entitled Visual Expressions of Slavery and Emancipation 1700-1834, Edith (Nancy) Jacobs posits that in the event of depicting art out of its relevant period, some historians reduce the value of it and that even now when society is supposed to be enlightened the artistic images of are not incorporated effectively to represent Caribbean history.She examines the importance of the development of a variety of printing techniques used to bombard the general with images of what they (pro-slavery and abolitionists) wanted to portray. Jacobs concentrates on three major points in the depiction of slaves textually and visually. Firstly, she looks at those paintings commissioned by European patrons that generally portrayed the Blacks as subservient helples s people, who were more like household pets. Secondly, she examines those images distributed by the abolitionists that showed the Blacks in varying states of deprivation: food, clothing and being sold at auctions. Finally, she observes the evolution of the paintings now depicting the Black man as an educated man often shown reading the bible. However, she notes that none of these truly portray the Black man and the rebellions that occur from 1 791 prove this as it contradicted the initial perspective of the Blacks as docile and helpless. Jacobs presents her argument systematically, tracing the changing perception of the Black man over the period 1700 to 1834. In particular, she addresses the relationship between the pictures depicted and the techniques of the printing devices of the time; an aspect hat the average reader may not consider.Her attention to details such as the right side of a photo being the weaker visual position upon which the Black man was inevitably placed in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century in comparison to the opposite occurring in the late eighteenth century demonstrates her point that the media was used to influence the public. The second article by Jean Antoine-Dunne and Bruce Padding entitled Film Representations of the Abolitionist Movement, examines the responses of Caribbean filmmakers to the abolition of the slave trade and the insurgences associated with IEEE (p. 82). Their argument posits that the film industry is one of the most powerful methods of communicating ideas and that it influences peoples perception of one another and their cultures. They look at abolition from a Caribbean perspective based on five important, yet not well-known films from the British, French and Spanish territories of the Caribbean. One of the central ideas permeating through the films is the idea Of visually shocking the audience out of a false historic narrative. They posit that the five films give a more accurate representation of slavery and the resistances that surround its abolition in the Caribbean.They give enough details of the films to indicate to the reader their similarities and their differences. A general idea which permeates through them is the fact the very manner in which abolition is viewed may be colonial. This leads to the question raised at the beginning of this course; is history the truth? Or is the truth different for each party, or even each in dividual involved? Ken Cockcrows Blackened Figures is the final article reviewed. Here he discusses the work of Trinitarian painter Carlisle Harris in the twentieth century.Harris uses the human body in an abstract form to represent the self as an ever changing, ever improving figure. He makes full use of the African dancing male as a symbol of the triumphant return to humanity in a land abused by colonialism. His experience with the American Civil Rights movement leads to him being a symbol in representing the powerful forces of African history and culture in the Caribbean (101). He reiterates an idea stated by Jacobs found in the technique of Harris paintings which he uses to show to the opposite is true; blackness is associated with the corrupt and even evil .Harris paintings are also filled with motion especially dancing that truly represents the rhythm of Caribbean people. Dance is a part of everyones routine; whether one takes it as dancing to ones own tune or anothers. Considering that I am not a student of history per SE, I would say that this journal was very informative. It was not written in a such a way as to make its reading tedious and thus held my interest. I have been introduced to concepts that certainly bear contemplation, as it was not considered before. However, I would have liked to have read more about womens contribution to the movement.